Potential of Secondary Metabolite Compounds of Dayak Onion as Antibacterial Agents: A Comprehensive Literature Review
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Abstract
Bacterial infections and increasing antibiotic resistance are major challenges in the treatment of infectious diseases, necessitating the development of new antibacterial agents derived from natural sources. Dayak onion is an Indonesian medicinal plant that has been empirically used to treat various infectious diseases and is known to contain a variety of secondary metabolites with antibacterial potential. This article aims to examine the potential of secondary metabolites of Dayak onion as antibacterial agents based on published research results. The method used is a literature review by searching scientific articles through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Google using keywords related to the antibacterial activity of Dayak onion. The results of the study indicate that Dayak onion extract has antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis. This activity is influenced by the content of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids, essential oils, glycosides, and naphthoquinone compounds that work through various mechanisms, including damage to bacterial cell walls and membranes, inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of important enzymes, and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. This diversity of mechanisms of action suggests that Dayak onions have potential as a source of natural antibacterial candidates to address the increasing cases of antibiotic resistance.
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